The rotating laser-scanning system achieves spatial three-dimensional coordinate measurement based on the principle of angular intersection, which has been widely applied in the fields of aerospace, high-end shipbuilding, and other large-scale equipment manufacturing due to its capabilities for multitarget parallel measurement and scalable measuring range. However, the limited installation space for lasers in existing instruments constrains the selection and optimization of the system′s laser. This article devises the main optical structure of the novel transmitter by analyzing the optical path design requirements. The laser optical path is extended to the exterior of the transmitter via optical fiber conduction. A mirror set is utilized to split light and generate scanning light planes. In combination with a turntable, a precise spatial light field is constructed, which circumvents the limitation of installation space on laser performance, enabling unconstrained subsequent optimization design of the light source and effectively reducing the impact on system performance at the optical signal level. Due to the unique structure of the newly designed laser-guiding transmitter, structural errors can lead to instantaneous changes in the scanning light plane shape during the operation of the transmitter. As a result, traditional parameter models based on rotating light plane characteristics are no longer applicable. Therefore, this article integrates the geometric structure of the optical path, analyzes errors such as optical axis eccentricity and optical axis tilt, abandons the definition in the traditional model that takes the initial spatial equations of the light planes as internal parameters, redefines the internal parameters of the transmitter, and constructs a multi-station networking positioning model and an internal and external parameters calibration model suitable for the laser-guiding transmitter. Finally, an experimental platform is established for simulation and experimentation. The results show that the measurement model studied in this article is effective and has a coordinate measurement accuracy better than 0.7 mm, which meets the requirements of large-scale equipment manufacturing and laying a solid foundation for performance improvement and subsequent optimization of the novel rotating laser-scanning system.